Natural gas is not and never has been a 鈥渃lean鈥� fuel. Yet almost daily, industry and government alike assert that it is a vitally important 鈥渢ransition fuel鈥� that must be harnessed in a global effort to lower global greenhouse gas emissions.
Premier Christy Clark and Energy Minister Rich Coleman have argued this for almost a year now. They want to export up to four trillion cubic feet of natural gas per year from B.C. Our gas, they say, could help booming Asian economies lower their dependence on dirty coal.
But peel away the green veneer of such assertions, and questions arise.
Will countries like China, with their skyrocketing energy demands, actually lower their coal consumption by switching to natural gas, or will they simply burn more coal and more gas? How can we produce vastly more gas here at home, when by law our government is committed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions? And what about other environmental costs associated with such a stunning increase in gas exports, for example, a massive rise in water use and subsequent water contamination?
Delve into such questions, and government and industry claims that B.C.鈥檚 Natural Gas Strategy provides a 鈥渟olution鈥� to today鈥檚 vexing climate challenges appear to be not only unsubstantiated but reckless 鈥済reenwashing.鈥�
Viewed narrowly, natural gas has advantages over coal and diesel fuel. When all three are burned, natural gas has fewer greenhouse-gas emissions. But when the source for much of B.C.鈥檚 projected natural-gas production 鈥� shale rock 鈥� is considered, a broader view is required.
As the industry targets this new frontier, there will be sharp increases in hydraulic fracturing, or 鈥渇racking,鈥� operations to free the trapped gas. This means that tremendous amounts of water, sand and chemicals will be pressure-pumped deep underground, using diesel-fired compressors to create cracks or fractures in the rock that allow the trapped gas to be released.
How much water? Well, consider this: In northeastern B.C. today, fracking operations at just one shale-gas pad with a dozen wells on it will toxify the combined equivalent of all the water in Saanich鈥檚 Elk and Beaver lakes, where Canada鈥檚 Olympic rowing teams train. This will have to be repeated thousands of times to achieve the government鈥檚 export targets. Such realities underscore the need for the province to adhere to its commitments to renew B.C.鈥檚 century-old Water Act for 21st-century realities, including climate change.
Currently, the greenhouse-gas emissions associated with natural gas produced from such water-intensive operations are poorly understood. Debate revolves around numbers derived from wildly different computer models. Some models estimate that the emissions associated with shale-gas production are only slightly higher than those for conventional gas, while others place them on par with coal.
Numbers derived from actual field studies are, however, distressingly rare. The only peer-reviewed field-based study, which occurred in Colorado, a state where fracking operations are well advanced, concluded that the higher estimates may be closer to the mark. In fact, the study found that models used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, among others, underestimated actual emissions by as much as half.
This does not instil confidence that B.C. can meet its ambitious climate-change goals, particularly should gas production in the province鈥檚 remote Horn River Basin near Fort Nelson skyrocket. Such gas is unusually high in CO2, which must be stripped away before the gas can be piped and used. Currently, the stripped CO2 is simply vented to the atmosphere rather than captured and stored.
Public confidence is further undermined when neither the government nor industry appear keen to do field studies that would quantify the emissions associated with producing such gas, processing it, piping it to the coast, then liquefying it and pumping it onto tankers for shipment to Asian markets.
With both the government and opposition expressing full or qualified support for as much as a quintupling of natural-gas production in B.C., a top public-policy priority should be to get the facts, especially when the future fate of our shared water resources is considered.
Recently, members of the Fort Nelson First Nation raised objections to a potentially massive giveaway of water rights in their traditional territory to pave the way for accelerated shale-gas production. Much like the absence of true field data on shale-gas greenhouse-gas emissions, the First Nation pointed to a dearth of baseline information on water resources in their territory.
A responsible government or government-in-waiting would acknowledge the obvious: We can鈥檛 in good conscience proceed with a massive increase in gas exports in the absence of basic information 鈥撯�� information that is obtainable, given the will, and which the government should be obliged to publish.
Continued obfuscation simply increases future risks. And that is unacceptable.
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Karena Shaw is associate professor in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria. Ben Parfitt is lead author of From Stream to Steam: Emerging Challenges for B.C.鈥檚 Interlinked Water and Energy Resources, co-published by UVic鈥檚 POLIS Project on Ecological Governance and 91原创 Centre for Policy Alternatives.
