Can one recover from this, or is it permanent? I鈥檝e read that there is no cure, but that one can recover from it with proper medical treatment and diet. Of course, this is assuming we get the stomach to begin emptying properly. Any advice as to how to deal with it in the meantime?
S.B.
Gastroparesis (the 鈥済astrum鈥� is the stomach, from both Latin and Greek roots, as is 鈥減aresis,鈥� meaning 鈥渋nability to move鈥�) is an unusual condition where the stomach is unable to empty properly. It is caused by a failure of the nerves in the stomach to stimulate the powerful contractions necessary to push out the stomach contents. Symptoms usually are bloating and abdominal distention. A gastric emptying study, using (slightly) radioactive food, is the definitive diagnostic test.
Most cases I see are in people with diabetes, but it can happen after surgery or with severe neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Often, we never find a cause for gastroparesis. It has been described following a viral infection, such as viral foodborne illness (what a lot of people call 鈥渇ood poisoning鈥�).
Most cases of gastroparesis with no apparent cause do get better by themselves over time, but it can take months, sometimes many months. Dietary treatment is critical: Fibre is indigestible and takes pressure to move, so low-fibre foods are of benefit. Eating smaller amounts more frequently is helpful. Fat slows stomach-emptying and should be minimized. Carbonated beverages make bloating worse: Coffee and alcohol are to be avoided.
There are medications available, but none is perfect. Metoclopramide and domperidone stimulate stomach contractions, but they have potentially serious side-effects. Cisapride works very well, but it can cause a potentially fatal heart arrhythmia; it is used as a last resort, and only by experienced clinicians through a special program from the manufacturer. The antibiotic erythromycin can be used for one of its side-effects, which is increasing stomach and intestinal propulsion. (That鈥檚 why it causes stomach upset in many.)
Dear Dr. Roach: My grandson鈥檚 girlfriend is pregnant, five months along. She told her doctor that she smokes marijuana every day. He said that it鈥檚 OK and will not harm the baby. Am I missing something? Is this OK?
C.B.
There is no definitive evidence that marijuana-smoking in pregnant women causes harm; however, I still recommend against it. The psychoactive component of marijuana, THC, is known to be transferred to the developing baby through the placenta (it also is transferred into breastmilk). There are other components of marijuana smoke that also may have toxicity to the fetus.
I rely on evidence when I can, but this is a time where the evidence cannot exclude a risk of harm. Due to the possibility of impaired fetal development, I recommend against marijuana use during pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends against it as well.
Adults can make up their own minds about marijuana use; children exposed to secondhand smoke can鈥檛. Developing fetuses certainly can鈥檛.
Dr. Roach regrets that he is unable to answer individual letters, but will incorporate them in the column whenever possible. Readers may email questions to [email protected]
